Recent technological advances have refined the ability of pacemakers to mimic physiological cardiac conduction.
The greatest risk still appears to be implanted heart pacemakers, for which various problems are included in the RISKS archives.
Implantable pacemakers first became available in the mid 1960s.
Thermoelectric materials can also be used in cryotherapy, pacemakers, and as thermocouple sensors.
Some of the scientific advances developed through bioengineering include medical imaging techniques, pacemakers, artificial joints and pharmaceutical products.
Metallic implants include artificial joints, pacemakers, aneurysm clips, metal plates, pins or screws, and surgical staples.
Cardiac pacemakers, electrocardiograph devices, or any other medically implanted device used for life support can be interrupted with use.