Richard Lewontin David Sloan Wilson.
Lewontin, Steven Rose, and Leon J.
Dawkins has consistently been sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution(such as spandrels,
described by Gould and Lewontin) and about selection at levels"above" that of the gene.
Advocates for higher levels of selection(such as Richard Lewontin, David Sloan Wilson,
and Elliott Sober) suggest that there are many phenomena(including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain.
Advocates for higher levels of selection such as Richard Lewontin, David Sloan Wilson,
and Elliot Sober suggest that there are many phenomena(including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain.
As Harvard geneticist Richard Lewontin puts it:“We have such a miserably poor understanding of how the
organism develops from the DNA that I would be surprised if we don't get one rude shock after another.”.
As Richard Lewontin, Professor of Genetics at Harvard University, has said,"we have such a miserably poor understanding of
how an organism develops from its DNA that I would be surprised if we don't get one rude shock after another.".
This leads to a"sleight of hand"(as Lewontin terms it)
whereby variables in the equations of one domain, are considered parameters or constants, where, in a full-treatment they would be transformed themselves by the evolutionary process and are functions of the state variables in the other domain.