Kraepelin, writing in 1893, was scathing of Burckhardt's
attempts, and stated that"he suggested that restless patients could be pacified by scratching away the cerebral cortex.
This older term had
been championed by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin, who mistakenly believed that the illness only occurred in young people
and that it inevitably led to mental deterioration.
Philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Jaspers, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Jürgen Habermas served as university professors, as did also the pioneering scientists Hermann von Helmholtz, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff,
Emil Kraepelin, the founder of scientific psychiatry, and outstanding social scientists such as Max Weber,
the founding father of modern sociology.