covs in A Sentence

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    To date, seven human Covs(HCovs) are known.

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    subgenomic RNAs could recombine to generate new Covs.

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    bats efficiently reduce the pathology triggered by Covs.

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    Structurally, Covs have non-segmented genomes that share a similar organization.

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    Highly homologous full-length and subgenomic RNAs could recombine to generate new Covs.

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    The PMJVK will continue to be implemented in MCBs, MCTs and Covs.

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    It appeared that bats are well adapted to Covs anatomically and physiologically.

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    Covs have returned to the limelight due to the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2.

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    The diversity of bat Covs provides ample opportunities for the emergence of novel HCovs.

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    Before 2003, two human Covs(HCovs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold.

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    11

    Coronaviruses(Covs) belong to the family Coronaviridae, which comprises a group of enveloped, positive-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses.

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    12

    Covs are a subfamily of large and enveloped viruses containing a single strand of sense RNA.

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    13

    Nevertheless, mutation rates of Covs are about a million times higher than those of their hosts.

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    For many years, the four community-acquired Covs circulate in human populations, triggering common cold in immunocompetent subjects.

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    Covs have been traditionally considered nonlethal pathogens to humans, mainly causing approximately 15% of common colds 4.

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    For thousands of years, Covs have constantly crossed species barriers and some have emerged as important human pathogens.

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    Covs have a proof-reading exoribonuclease, deletion of which results in exceedingly high mutability and attenuation or even inviability.

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    Second, the large RNA genome in Covs exerts extra plasticity in genome modification for mutations and recombination,

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    They might also account for successful adaptation of these Covs in humans after interspecies transmission from their animal hosts.

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    Several SARS-like Covs(SL-Covs) have also been identified from bats, but none except for one designated WIV1 can be isolated as live virus.

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    Based on the difference in protein sequences, Covs are classified into four genera(alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV and delta-CoV), among which the beta-CoV genera contains most HCovs and is subdivided into four lineages A, B, C and D.

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    Second, the large RNA genome in Covs exerts extra plasticity in genome modification for mutations and recombination, thereby increasing the probability for interspecies co-evolution, which is advantageous for the emergence of novel Covs when the conditions become appropriate.

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    23

    In comparison to other single-stranded RNA viruses, the estimated mutation rates of Covs could be regarded as“moderate” to“high” with an average substitution rate being ~10-4 substitution per year per site 2, depending on the phase of CoV adaptation to novel hosts.

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