There are several vaccinations effective against different kennel cough viruses, particularly against the parainfluenza virus and types one and two of canine adenoviruses.
2
The occurrence and distribution in the United Kingdom of antibodies to parainfluenza 3 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viruses in bovine sera.
3
The parainfluenza viruses (types 1, 2, and 3) are the most frequent causes of croup, accounting for approximately 75 percent of all cases diagnosed.
4
Human parainfluenza virus 1 (HPIV-1) is the most common cause.
5
Other common viral causes include parainfluenza, influenza, and adenovirus.
6
Viruses cause the majority of pneumonias in young children, especially respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and influenza viruses, and adenovirus.