hartle in A Sentence

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    Stephen Hawking and James Hartle at a 2014 workshop near Hereford, England.

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    He and Hartle analyzed the issue of the contour of integration in 1990.

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    What they're studying is no longer Hartle-Hawking, in his opinion- though Hartle himself disagrees.

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    Hawking and Hartle were thus led to ponder the possibility that the universe began as pure space, rather than dynamical space-time.

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    Hartle and Hawking saw a lot of each other from the 1970s on, typically when they met in Cambridge for long periods of collaboration.

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    The‘no-boundary proposal,' which Hawking and his frequent collaborator, James Hartle, fully formulated in a 1983 paper, envisions the cosmos having the shape of a shuttlecock.

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    Murray Gell-Mann used to ask me," Hartle said, referring to the late Nobel Prize-winning physicist,"if you know the wave function of the universe, why aren't you rich?"?

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    Likewise, Hartle and Hawking expressed the wave function of the universe- which describes its likely states- as the sum of all possible ways that it might have smoothly expanded from a point.

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    9

    In their 2017 paper, published in Physical Review Letters, Turok and his co-authors approached Hartle and Hawking's no-boundary proposal with new mathematical techniques that, in their view, make its predictions much more concrete than before.

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    In their 2017 paper(No Smooth Beginning for Spacetime), published in Physical Review Letters, Turok and his co-authors approached Hartle and Hawking's no-boundary proposal with new mathematical techniques that, in their view, make its predictions much more concrete than before.

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    11

    Of course, to actually solve for the wave function using Feynman's method, Hartle and Hawking had to drastically simplify the situation, ignoring even the specific particles that populate our world(which meant their formula was nowhere close to being able to predict the stock market).

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    12

    As Hartle, now 79 and a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, explained it by phone recently,“We didn't have birds in the very early universe; we have birds later on … We didn't have time in the early universe, but we have time later on.”.

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