Although tics vary considerably in severity, they are associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.
2
The acronym stands for Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococci.
3
The study, Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children concludes, "We have identified a chronic enterocolitis in children that may be related to neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
4
These disorders are sometimes grouped together as PANDAS disorders, which stands for Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococci.