You expect that by having this“thing,” you will
be better off than you are without it(Beckmann & Heckhausen, 2008).
The Ampelmännchen also became pop-culture icons, thanks to a West
German industrial designer named Markus Heckhausen, who first saw the lights during a trip to East Berlin in 1988,
when Germany was still divided.
Kathrin and Alexandra draw on the work of Heckhausen for a temporal model of action,
whereas in my own research, my students and I have drawn on the work of Brian Little and Peter Gollwitzer.