chalukyan in A Sentence

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    The embellished median band, or patta, common in the Chalukyan corbels, is absent.

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    2

    The last, if not of direct Eastern Chalukyan vintage, can at best be of Telugu- Chola authorship.

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    3

    The kudus in the flexed cornice, or kapota, are horseshoe- shaped as in the Pallava and early Chalukyan examples.

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    4

    They are all interconnected by kakshasanas or seats with lean- back rests, as is common in Chalukyan structures.

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    5

    The sukanasika, projected in, front of the vimana superstructure is an invariable characteristic, marking the Chalukyan derivation of the temples.

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    6

    As we saw earlier, Bijjala who usurped the Chalukyan throne in 1162 A. D. moved his capital from Mangaliveda. to Kalyana.

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    7

    These temples have all a typically Chalukyan plinth form, with nirandhara or single- walled aditala and with a narrower ardha- mandapa in front.

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    8

    The pillars are square in section and of the Chalukyan pattern as found in the cave- temples on the banks of the Krishna.

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    9

    The Ikkeri Nayakas have left temples of a Chalukyan affiliation in their capital towns of Ikkeri, Keladi, and in other places in their area.

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    10

    The one on the south enshrines Ganapati, while the other on the north enshrines Durga, as had become the norm from the Chalukyan times.

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    11

    Both are excavated into the low sandstone outcrops, and mark the latest of the early Chalukyan or Western Chalukyan series in their home districts.

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    12

    In the earlier Western Chalukyan caves as at Badami, Vishnu and Siva sculptures occur indiscriminately, while in the later ones they are well- nigh separated.

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    13

    In the Chalukyan cave- temples of the southern zone, the Kannada area, dvarapala forms along with the river goddesses are depicted in the same panels.

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    14

    While the Western Chalukyan linga- pithas are mostly square, the Rashtrakuta linga- pithas, as in Ellora Caves 15 and 16, and the Ganeshlena caves are circular.

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    15

    In the Eastern Chalukyan area comprising the district of Kurnool, Mahboobnagar and Guntur, we have such rekha- prasada- type temples built from the seventh- eighth centuries.

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    16

    The so- called' thousand- pillared temple' at Hanamkonda( Warangal district), built by King Prataparudra in 1162, shows well the transition from the late Western Chalukyan to the Kakatiya style.

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    17

    The group of smaller shrines behind the Mahanandisvara temple complex at Mahanandi( Kurnool district), and the Papanasanam group of temples in Alampur, are of this type in the Eastern Chalukyan territory.

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    18

    These features indicate affinity and proximity to the Pallava type, though their distinct regional and parental Chalukyan traits would be evident from the other features and the general stature of the vimana form.

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    19

    The shrine- cells, or garbha- grihas, in all these cases are empty and do not contain either a rock- cut linga or linga- pitha, as is common in the Pandya, Muttaraiyar and Chalukyan cave- temples.

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    20

    The shrine and its axial mandapas stand raised with their adhishthana built over a sub- base, a feature not common in the earlier temples considered above, but usual in later temples of both Chalukyan and Pallava- Pandya derivation.

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    21

    THE EASTERN Chalukyan CAVE- TEMPLES OF COASTAL ANDHRA In the Andhra coastal region, excavated into the softer rocks on either bank of the Krishna in the territory of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, there are over a dozen cave- temples.

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    22

    In addition to the incorporation of the Chalukyan traits noted above, these southern cave- temples, essentially following the Pallava Mahendra- style and hard rock tradition, also reproduce many iconic forms that are found in the Pallava rock- cut and structural examples.

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    23

    The central linga is the normal Chalukyan- type sivalinga; the one in the southern cella is a linga shaft surmounted by a solar disc representing Surya or the sun- god, with an inscription below the disc specifically mentioning it as a Surya form.

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    24

    The lowermost tola of the superstructure over the aditala with sanctum is projected in front over the antarala to form a gable- like projection called sukanasika, a characteristic of the southern temples of the Chalukyan series as well as of all their northern prasada temples.

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    25

    The heaviness of the Chalukyan pillars as at Badami is apparently reduced by the flutings and carvings; the pillar and corbel shapes are various, but in their development they retain their individuality till the close of the Chalukyan period and do not recur in the Rashtrakuta creations.

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    26

    The maha- mandapa in front of the main vimana is of the Chalukyan navaranga pattern and its four central pillars, in contrast to the greyish granite of the rest of the entire structure, are polished shining black, though of square section, and embellished with panels of sculpture and carvings.

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    27

    In Bhairavakonda, the socket is cut in a sunken recess on the wall over the pedestal to take in the linga, or image. In respect of the cave temples of the Eastern Chalukyas, the absence of Vishnu carvings is notable as against what is found in the Western Chalukyan- Rashtrakuta group.

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    28

    Another feature found abandoned in the post- Pallava temples and earlier Chola temples, but persisting throughout in the Chalukyan series of temples, and found again in this temple, is the extension of the hara of kutas, solas and panjaras over the tops of the axial mandapas beyond the transept in front of the aditala.

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    29

    The result was that the cradles of early Chalukyan architecture and art, namely, Mahakutesvar, Aihole, Pattadkal and Badami, and lower down in Andhra- Karnataka region round about Kurnool in Satyavolu and Mahanandibordering the Eastern Chalukyan branch of Vengi produced a mixed variety of temples: the northern, the southern, and those locally known as Kadamba.

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    30

    In the keen competition with their Chalukyan rivals, that had all along motivated the urge for unique achievements in architecture and faced with the comparatively greater difficulty in the quarrying and sizing of such very hard native rocks as granite, gneiss and charnockiteas against the soft standstone exploited with ease and advantage by the ChalukyasRajasimha Pallava experimented, as it were, with the different kinds of stones from the rocks of Tondaimandalam.

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